Economic Structure

Turkey is the seventeenth most industrialized country in the world. It is and has been capitalist since its founding in 1923. Trading is mostly with Europe. The story is classic. The economy has shifted from primarily agriculture to manufacturing and now to services. Governmental policy caused these changes. The mid-20th century was all about industrialization, and the government was quite successful in ramping up exports in the 1990s. Despite this, the services sector became dominant as a result of the government’s extensive efforts to provide social services, including health care, education, and welfare. Exports in descending order are textiles, automobiles, metal, and machinery. Turkey, despite its economic success, is plagued with some serious problems. The two most serious threats to the economy are political instability and a weak currency. Different factions have jockeyed for control since its inception, and this continues to this day. This kind of environment is not healthy for economic activity, as economic and political stability are closely related. Historically, inflation has been a problem for the lira, Turkey’s currency. The average rate of inflation per year for the last 25 years was 55 percent. In 1994, 50 percent of all money in the country switched from lira to foreign currencies such as U.S. dollars. Things are really improving in this area, though; inflation has dropped to below 10 percent and it is projected to finally get to a quite reasonable rate of 4 percent by 2012. There is also somewhat of a trade deficit, which is cause for concern, although it has shrunk to half of what it was in the 1990s to just 6.3 billion dollars or 5 percent of GDP.

Globalization

Globalization is a mixed bag, and Turkey is no exception. Increased trade with other countries has been a key factor in the industrialization process. Corporations love Turkey for its relatively low wages as compared to other industrialized countries. As food prices skyrocket, Turkey stands in a strong position as one of only eight countries in the world that produces more food than it consumes. Please don't copypasta my essay. Turkey has a great opportunity to become part of the European Union and reap the benefits of completely free trade with them. Increased global trade has allowed continued expansion of the Turkish economy. Turkey relies heavily on revenue from its Çeyhan oil pipeline. When this is interrupted, such as in 1991 when the United Nations had an oil embargo on Iraq during the Persian Gulf War, Turkey can fall into economic depression. Interestingly, the Turkish economy is very brick-and-mortar. This can be an economic advantage as long as wages remain low. But failure to develop as a computerized, information-based economy will always hold Turkey back, both in corporate profits and standard of living.

Response to Globalization

Turkey embraces globalization. This is tied to industrialization. The government is keen on competing in the global economy to encourage economic growth. Its is not protectionist at all, and free trade is welcome, because Turkey is a winner in globaliz-ation, as it has not only benefited but come to rely on foreign trade for prosperity. Gross domestic product is growing at an increasing rate even at a time when the world economy is in a slowdown. Others gain from the relationship, just not as much.

1. Edwin Hubble is best known for his discovery of Hubble's Law, which states that as the other galaxies move away from ours, their distance from us is directly proportional to the redshift of the light. The redshift is essentially that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation increases when it leaves the source of the radiation. Hubble combined his measurements of the distances of galaxies with the redshift measurements provided by Vesto Slipher and plotted the data. He soon discovered that aside from a few outliers, the value of the redshift was directly proportional to the galaxy's distance. This discovery led to experiments proving that some galaxies were moving away from ours at greater speeds, subsequently providing evidence for the expanding space paradigm and the Big Bang theory.

2. Penzias and Wilson discovered cosmic microwave radiation in 1965. They both had the idea to use the antenna in Holmdel, NJ to study cosmic radio signals, and their wish came true when the Telstar satellite made the antenna obsolete for communications. But there was a nagging interference coming from all directions that could not be attributed to the antenna, cities, or even pigeons living in the antenna. So they came up with a theory to explain the cosmic microwaves.

3. Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is the heat left over from the Big Bang. The universe is 2.725°K. It has cooled down considerably, previously being 273 million K back when the universe was the density of our atmosphere. The Big Bang theory predicts a certain spectrum of blackbody radiation, which was measured in the FIRAS experiment.

4. Open universe: An open universe is one in which the mass or density is not great enough to prevent the expansion of the universe. Critical density (Ω) is the density of the universe which would prevent the universe from continually expanding. The value of critical density varies but is generally accepted as approximately 10^-30 kg/km^3. An open 3D model is hyperbolic, which shows that as the universe expands the mass and the galaxies become further away.

Flat universe: In a flat universe the density is large enough to slow the expansion of the universe, but not large enough to cause the universe to collapse in upon itself. The 3D model for this is the Euclidean model which shows that not a lot of expansion occurs over the life of the universe

Closed Universe: A closed universe is a model of the universe in which the density exceeds the critical number. As a result the expansion will eventually slow and the universe will begin to collapse in upon itself. The 3D model for a closed universe is an elliptic model which shows that as the universe expands and then collapses in upon itself.

5.

Works Cited

Bayuk, Andrew. “Guardian’s Sphinx.” 7 May 2008 http://www.guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/.

"Egypt Travel Log." Allyson and Dominic's Travel Page. 7 May 2008 http://math.dartmouth.edu/~klyve/travel/egypt/.

FreeRepublic. 7 May 2008 http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1999654/replies?c=11.

Orbitz. 7 May 2008 http://orbitz.com/.

“Rates and reservations.” 7 May 2008 http://www.fourseasons.com/cairofr/ratesandreservations.html.

http://math.dartmouth.edu/~klyve/travel/egypt/

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1999654/replies?c=11

http://www.guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/

http://orbitz.com/

http://www.fourseasons.com/cairofr/ratesandreservations.html

money complications

When we were there earlier, we missed seeing the Museum. This time I was at King Tut's sarcophygus, walking around it. A Cairo cop came up to me and gave me a pretty good speech in English. After he finished he held out his hand, requesting some 'baksheesh.' I took out my wallet and this representative of Cairo's Finest reached in and took out a $5 bill, thanking me profusely for my generosity and wished allah's blessings on me.

I concur with your assessment of the thieves at the Pyramids. They are thicker than flies and just as much a nuisance.

The pyramids were neat but the entire time I was there I was being hassled by the most aggressive and criminal thieving salesmen who were constantly trying to pickpocket us. I caught them feeling around my pockets the SOBs. They never leave you alone even after you yell at them and tell them to piss the F off. Even the police don’t want to help you with anything unless you give them a bribe. It is quite horrible.

travel

$1,354 + $184 taxes & fees = $1,538 per person

Leave

Fri, Jun 13

Northwest Airlines 106 Northwest Airlines

Depart: 10:55pm Arrive: 5:05pm

Seattle, WA (SEA) London, United Kingdom (LHR) 2 stops

* Economy
* 10hr 10min
* Airbus A330
* View seats

Change Airline. Time between flights: 2hr 0min

BMI 3199 operated by Lufthansa -- LH 4739 BMI

Depart: 7:05pm Arrive: 9:35pm

London, United Kingdom (LHR) Frankfurt, Germany (FRA)

* Economy
* 1hr 30min
* Boeing 737
* View seats

Change Airline. Time between flights: 1hr 0min

Egyptair 9002 operated by Lufthansa -- LH 0584 Egyptair

Depart: 10:35pm Arrive: 3:35am

Frankfurt, Germany (FRA) Cairo, Egypt (CAI)

* Economy
* 4hr 0min
* Airbus A300
* View seats

Total duration: 18hr 40min

This flight arrives two days later.

---

Return

Mon, Jun 23

Egyptair 785 Egyptair

Depart: 10:45am Arrive: 2:10pm

Cairo, Egypt (CAI) Frankfurt, Germany (FRA) 2 stops

* Economy
* 4hr 25min
* Boeing 737

Change Airline. Time between flights: 1hr 5min

BMI 3222 operated by Lufthansa -- LH 4732 BMI

Depart: 3:15pm Arrive: 3:50pm

Frankfurt, Germany (FRA) London, United Kingdom (LHR)

* Economy
* 1hr 35min
* Airbus A300
* View seats

Change Airline. Time between flights: 2hr 40min

Northwest Airlines 105 Northwest Airlines

Depart: 6:30pm Arrive: 8:55pm

London, United Kingdom (LHR) Seattle, WA (SEA)

* Economy
* 10hr 25min
* Airbus A330
* View seats

Total duration: 20hr 10min

Overall, Turkey is interesting in that it shares characteristics of both poor and rich. Will it be able to break past its barriers? Yes, but I believe it may take 50+ years before it is on par with most of Europe.

Culture (17,18) Turkey was of course the center of the long-running but now dissipated Ottoman Empire. Being at the center of three continents, Turkey has a mix of European, Asian, African, and Middle Eastern influences. Along this vein, it maintains a balance of modern Western styles and older Eastern styles.

Art is important, as the new government made large investments into museums and theaters even in its early years. Turkish music and literature have a diverse pool of influences ranging from traditional Arab styles to modern music styles such as rock and even hip-hop.

Turkey has fancy architecture, including Byzantine architecture, Ottoman architecture with its Islamic influences. Western architecture has been going strong since the mid 18th century, as seen in Istanbul where modern skyscrapers stand in contrast next to the Blue Mosque and the Dolmabahçe Palace.

Sports (19) The most popular sport in Turkey is football (soccer). Others including basketball and volleyball are more recently popular. Oiled Wrestling is a traditional Turkish sport. Weightlifting is big; as both male and female Turkish weightlifters have broken world records and won several European, World and Olympic championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have both won three gold medals in weightlifting.

Language Officially Turkish. Also Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, and Kabardian. (1)

Religion 99.8% Muslim (mostly Sunni) (1) This is a testament to Islam’s viral growth, even though it is much younger than other popular religions.

Ethnic Groups 80% Turkish. 20% Kurdish. (1)

Political System Republican Parliamentary Democracy (1) The parliament elects a president (13). It is surprising that a country consisting of essentially one religion has a secular government. It is thought of as a good idea in the United States because we are a melting pot of religious beliefs that could not possibly agree on government policies infused with religion.

Head of Government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan (1) Also, President Abdullah Gul (1)

Education, literacy male: 95.3%, female: 79.6% (1) Now that equal rights has been signed into law, it is likely that this gap will narrow substantially. It may be that the economic incentives of a literate workforce are too great to pass up. Also, this gap may be narrowing as a result of the new generation spawning into existence. On the other hand, some of the last 15-20% of women may be in too low of an economic situation or in a strict Muslim household and therefore not going to become literate any time soon.

Few attend pre-school, primary school is free and mandatory. Afterward, there many different kinds of trade schools teenagers attend for three years, which can be public or private. Then it’s off to university, some quite good ,attended by a million and a half per year (7). If Turkey can keep its educational system good and continue to improve it, then they will not be left behind in modern technological advances.

Values Only 1/3 support gender equality. 1/6 support freedom of religion (6). These figures are much lower than European Union countries, showing that Turkey is still somewhat stuck in a mindset common found in the rest of the Middle East. The study notes that these European values tend to rise in correlation with wealth. Geography Neighbors Starting from the south and going counter clockwise: Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Greece (4).

Climate temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior (1)

Natural Resources This fact is pretty mind-blowing; Turkey is one of only eight countries that produces more food than it consumes (16).

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower (1)

Landforms, Water Turkey is on a major fault line, so earthquakes are a severe threat. In the middle is the Anatolian Plateau, and around that are some high mountain ranges. The largest lake is Lake Van (10). Both the Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate in Turkey, which flow down to Iraq. So if a water crisis happens, Turkey will be in a much better position, with Iraq being left high and dry.

Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea (13).

My analysis is that Turkey has a large land area, a strategic military location with its central world location and access to so many bodies of water, and is rich in natural resources.

Population Centers (3) Total: 66 million Ankara: 4 million (Capital City) İstanbul: 10 million İzmir: 3 million

Environmental Outlook The environment is not too bad now, but it could quickly deteriorate if substantial actions are not taken. Air quality is not being monitored enough, and carbon dioxide emissions are not restricted enough. More sewage treatment needs to happen to conserve water, as only twelve percent of people are connected to sewage systems. Waste is increasing and is not being contained properly. Erosion is a problem, as well as deforestation. There is not even a comprehensive list of endangered plants and animals in Turkey (13). There is a chance that Turkey could turn around on many of these issues to look good in the eyes of the European Union.

History War The Ottoman Empire collapsed and a Turkey was founded as a secular state in 1923. Substantial economic growth followed under president Kemal for 15 years. Turkey was neutral in WWII. A good relationship formed with the United States and Turkey joined NATO (5).

Conflict arose between Turkey and Greece, with Turkey invading Cyprus and leaving NATO in 1974 .

Former Leaders and Governments After the military coup in 1980, Turgut Özal and his Motherland Party won the election, much to the chagrin of the military and their Nationalist Democracy Party. The Motherland Party held onto power for about 10 years and finally lost the majority vote in to the True Path Party headed by Süleyman Demirel. But it was not by enough to gain control of the parliament, so the two parties formed a coalition. Özal died in 1993, so Demirel took over as President. Both of these parties have fizzled out and now the largest party is the Justice and Development Party (11). The military maintains an active role and said last year that it will intervene (i.e. have another coup) if the secular nature of the government were threatened (12).

Colonialism? Imperialism? Turkey was never a British colony (8). But it was the base of the Ottoman Empire for 600 years (9). Turkey serves as a base for the United States in its invasion and occupation of Iraq.

Economy Standard of Living Turkey is the world’s 17th most industrialized nation but is 86th out of 180 countries on the human development scale (13). So, while business is clearly booming, many are not receiving the benefits, or in other words the working class are being exploited by a few rich people.

Income, Jobs (16) Most earn $100 to $350 per month. The minimum wage is $100, but 6 percent are illegally paid less. Rent for an apartment is $200 on average. Most people work in factories or agriculture as opposed to the high tech sector.

Currency 1 Turkish lira = 0.770297 U.S. Dollars (2) 10% inflation (3) 8.5% inflation for consumer prices (1)

Outlook Shaky. the more agriculturally orient- ed cities show signs of decline, leading to even further internal migration (13).

Industry (3) Mainly farming and manufacturing, also mining and tourism

Crops cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, olives, cereals, nuts, livestock, and opium (3)

Manufacturing textiles, food processing, cars, steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, and paper (3)

Capitalist? Socialist? Unwaveringly capitalist.

National Debt 58.2% of GDP (1) $118 billion or 64% of GDP (14) I can’t seem to get consistent numbers on this. They are making strides to repay it, though, $93 billion of $145 billion this year (15).

Foreign Relations

Conflicts (5) In 1980 there was a military coup which ended after 2 years. The Kurdish independence movement was beat down by the military in the mid 1980s. A Muslim political party becomes the largest in 1995. The death penalty was abolished in 2004, and women gained equal rights. Currently Turkey is very close to getting into the EU. There is political turmoil, as many parties are boycotting the election due to the likely win by a conservative Muslim.

Neighboring Conflicts Occupation of Iraq by the United States Especially the Kurdish in northern Iraq and their plans for independence, with a possibility of disrupting the southern border of Turkey (5). Israel and Palestine Israel and Lebanon (Hezbollah) Darfur genocide in Sudan

Allies the United States, Israel Enemies Greece, Armenia(?), Kurdish people

Organizations United Nations, European Union (applicant), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, World Trade Organization, World Health Organization (1) Judging from this list, Turkey is a member of the most crucial world organizations, and therefore is making some attempt to be a responsible player in world politics.

Health

Infant Mortality 36.98 deaths/1,000 live births (1)

Life Expectancy 73.14 years (1)

Health Care Free basic health care. More funding is needed especially in rural areas. (3)

MDs per capita (20) 135 per 100,000. This figure is very low considering Cuba‘s 5.9 per 1,000 or 2.6 per 1,000 in the United States.

Access to safe drinking water (13): 60 percent in rural areas about 70 percent in urban centers

Although the health in Turkey is passable and they are not in dire need of relief, their standards need to keep rising if they want to be part of the industrialized world. This is a similar situation that I would say China is in.Works Cited

1. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html
2. http://www.google.com/search?q=turkish+lira
3. http://online.culturegrams.com/world/world_country.php? contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=164&cn=Turkey
4. http://maps.google.com/
5. http://lexicorient.com/e.o/turkey_5.htm
6. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2666276,00.html
7. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/tsa/tr-info/edu.system.html
8. http://www.erudit.org/revue/ravon/2007/v/n48/017443ar.html
9. http://www.royalty.nu/history/empires/Ottoman/index.html
10. http://www.graphicmaps.com/webimage/countrys/asia/trlarge.htm
11. http://countrystudies.us/turkey/78.htm
12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6602375.stm
13. http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/ExtensionToTurkey/TurkeysEnvironment.pdf
14. http://lexicorient.com/e.o/turkey_2.htm
15. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-eibner041403.asp
16. http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/state/economy.htm
17. Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, USA.
18. http://allaboutturkey.com/
19. Burak Sansal (2006). Sports in Turkey.
20. http://who.int/

• Kyoto protocol
  • 11 dec 1997
  • 175 parties signed/agreed
  • commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases
  • only 2 major countries not signed US and Kazakhstan
  • This treaty expires in 2012
  • talks began in May 2007 on a future treaty

バルテテゥフ　ラファエル

千九百九十七 年 十二月十一日　きょうとぎていしょをつくりました。百七十五 国へ行って、きそくをしました。きそくはCO2 イミションに小さくなりました。さらに五グリンハウスイミションガスでした。だけ大きい国がひじゅんすらないのが 米国とカザフスタン。二千十二 年きょうとぎていしょはしにます。先年しょうらいにつかって ひぶたをきりました。

Turkey was modernized primarily by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He transformed a religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with strong separation of state and religion, as a result methods of artistic expression increased. Turkish culture has undergone profound changes over the last century. Today, Turkey is the only country that contains every extreme of Eastern and Western culture,along with several compromises between the two. Globalization has affected Turkey and the Ottoman empire before it for quite some time. This is caused by geography mainly, with Turkey being at a crossroads between Europe, Asia, and the middle east. As a consequence of many different cultures interacting in close contact with each other and forming a government Turkey has realized the benefits of a secular state. This balancing act between Western practicality and east/middle eastern idealisms, has become a defining feature of The Republic of Turkey. Within the Ottoman Empire there was multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire, with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class however. With the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adapted a different approach, which greatly encouraged all different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing "Turkish" national and cultural identity. This mixing, instead of producing cultural sameness, instead resulted in many shades of grey as the traditional Muslim cultures collided with the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul and the rest of the West. So, Turkish culture represents a continuum that bridges past and present, East and West. Turkey is a Eurasian country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and is a crossroads of cultures from across Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus and South and Central Asia. The music of Turkey includes elements of Central Asian folk music, Arabic, Persian classical music, ancient Greco-Roman music and modern European and American popular music. Turkey, rich in musical heritage, has developed this art in two areas, Turkish classical music and Turkish folk music (Similar to Central Asian). The biggest Turkish pop star of the 20th century was probably Sezen Aksu, known for overseeing the Turkish contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest and was known for her light pop music. European classical composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the brass and percussion instruments in Ottoman Janissary bands called Mehter who were the first marching military band in History. Joseph Haydn wrote his Military Symphony to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony Number 9. Soccer or Futbol is by far the most popular sport in modern Turkey. The four most popular football clubs in Turkey are Beşiktaş J.K., Galatasaray S.K., Fenerbahçe S.K. and Trabzonspor, all collectively referred to as the "big four". Like all major soccer teams, their popularity has been heavily commercialized, resulting in the creation of just about anything colored in one of the "big four"'s team colors. Despite soccer's much larger popularity, Turkey's national sport is oiled wrestling. Oil wrestling is also very popular, and a tournament is held annually in Edirne. It is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362.Basketball is also very popular, with the team colloquially referred to in popular culture as 12 giant men. Turkey will be hosting the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Turkey is currently a candidate to host the 2018 Winter Olympics in Bursa.Turkish pop music boasts numerous mainstream artists with wide followance since the 1960s like Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu, and younger pop stars like Sertab Erener, Tarkan and Mustafa Sandal. Underground music and the genres of electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music saw an increased demand and activity following the 1990s. Turkish rock music, sometimes referred to as Anatolian rock, initiated during the 1960s by individuals like Cem Karaca, Barış Manço, and Erkin Koray, has seen wide-range success and has grown a considerable fan base. A few of the more mainstream Turkish rock bands include Mor ve Ötesi, Duman, and maNga. Individual rock performers like Şebnem Ferah, Özlem Tekin, and Teoman have substantial fan-bases. Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale rock festivals and events. Annually held rock festivals include Barışarock, H2000 Music Festival, Rock'n Coke, and RockIstanbul, during many of which internationally renowned bands / artists frequently take the stage together with Turkish artists.

BIB:

Inalcik, Halil. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: 1600-1914. Ed. Donald Quataert. Comp. Suraiya Faroqhi. Cambridge UP, 1997. 5-995.

Zürcher, Erik J. Turkey—a Modern History. 2nd ed. I. B. Tauris, 1997. 1-424.

Turkey In Transition, Irvin C. Turkey in Transition. Ed. Ertugrul A. Tonak. USA: Oxford UP. 1-288.

Giridharadas, Anand, and Keith Bradsher. "Microloan Pioneer and His Bank Win Nobel Peace Prize." The New York Times. 13 Oct. 2006. 27 Feb. 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/13/business/14nobelcnd.html?_r=1&ei=5094&en=94808d15bd4bde34&hp=&ex=1160798400&partner=homepage&adxnnlx=1160768896-LHmeVGautHim7GME/1u3ww&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin.

Perry, Tony. "U.S. 'Micro-Loan' Effort Yields Big Results in Iraqi Province." Los Angeles Times. 22 Feb. 2008. 27 Feb. 2008 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-loans22feb22,0,1264841,print.story.